Niobrara Knox Nebraska United States
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The Ponca tribe, at first European contact, live around the mouth of the Niobrara River in northern Nebraska.
According to tradition, they had moved there from an area east of the Mississippi just before Columbus' arrival in the Americas.
Siouan-speaking tribes such as the Omaha, Osage, Quapaw and Kaw also have traditions of having migrated to the West from east of the Mississippi River.
The invasions of the Iroquois from their traditional base in the north had pushed those tribes out of the Ohio River area.
The Dhegihan languages are a group of Siouan languages that include Kansa–Osage, Omaha–Ponca, and Quapaw.
Their historical region includes parts of the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, the Great Plains, and southeastern North America.
The shared Dhegihan (Degihan) migration history and separation story places them as a united group in the late 1600s near the confluence of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers (southern Illinois and western Kentucky, which then moved westward towards the Missouri river, and separated into different bands.
Kansa and Osage are mutually intelligible, as are Omaha and Ponca.
Scholars are not able to determine precisely when the Dhegiha Siouan tribes migrated west, but know the Iroquois also pushed tribes out from the Ohio and West Virginia areas in the Beaver Wars.
The Iroquois maintain the lands as hunting grounds.
The Ponca appear on a 1701 map by Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, who places them along the upper Missouri.
In the 1930s, the University of Nebraska and the Smithsonian Institution will conduct an archeological project to identify and save prehistoric artifacts before they were destroyed during agricultural development.
The team will excavate a prehistoric Ponca village, which includes large circular homes up to sixty feet in diameter, located almost two miles (three kilometers) along the south bank of the Niobrara River.
According to tradition, they had moved there from an area east of the Mississippi just before Columbus' arrival in the Americas.
Siouan-speaking tribes such as the Omaha, Osage, Quapaw and Kaw also have traditions of having migrated to the West from east of the Mississippi River.
The invasions of the Iroquois from their traditional base in the north had pushed those tribes out of the Ohio River area.
The Dhegihan languages are a group of Siouan languages that include Kansa–Osage, Omaha–Ponca, and Quapaw.
Their historical region includes parts of the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, the Great Plains, and southeastern North America.
The shared Dhegihan (Degihan) migration history and separation story places them as a united group in the late 1600s near the confluence of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers (southern Illinois and western Kentucky, which then moved westward towards the Missouri river, and separated into different bands.
Kansa and Osage are mutually intelligible, as are Omaha and Ponca.
Scholars are not able to determine precisely when the Dhegiha Siouan tribes migrated west, but know the Iroquois also pushed tribes out from the Ohio and West Virginia areas in the Beaver Wars.
The Iroquois maintain the lands as hunting grounds.
The Ponca appear on a 1701 map by Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, who places them along the upper Missouri.
In the 1930s, the University of Nebraska and the Smithsonian Institution will conduct an archeological project to identify and save prehistoric artifacts before they were destroyed during agricultural development.
The team will excavate a prehistoric Ponca village, which includes large circular homes up to sixty feet in diameter, located almost two miles (three kilometers) along the south bank of the Niobrara River.
Only about two hundred Ponca remain when they are visited by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804.
Shortly after that, the tribe The Ponca had been hit by a devastating smallpox epidemic shortly after 1789, when fur trader Juan Baptiste Munier had been given an exclusive license to trade with the Ponca at the mouth of the Niobrara River.
He had founded a trading post at its confluence with the Missouri, where he found about eight hundred Ponca residing.
The Poncas' number will rise to about seven hundred later in the nineteenth century.
Shortly after that, the tribe The Ponca had been hit by a devastating smallpox epidemic shortly after 1789, when fur trader Juan Baptiste Munier had been given an exclusive license to trade with the Ponca at the mouth of the Niobrara River.
He had founded a trading post at its confluence with the Missouri, where he found about eight hundred Ponca residing.
The Poncas' number will rise to about seven hundred later in the nineteenth century.
The Ponca tribe had signed a peace treaty with the United States in 1817.
Most of the leadership of the Ponca people had been destroyed in 1824 when hostile Lakotas attacked a delegation of thirty leaders of various rank returning from a visit in a friendly Oglala Lakota camp.
Only twelve had survived.
By a second treaty in 1825, they regulate trade and tried to minimize intertribal clashes on the Northern Plains.
Most of the leadership of the Ponca people had been destroyed in 1824 when hostile Lakotas attacked a delegation of thirty leaders of various rank returning from a visit in a friendly Oglala Lakota camp.
Only twelve had survived.
By a second treaty in 1825, they regulate trade and tried to minimize intertribal clashes on the Northern Plains.
The Ponca, unlike most other Plains tribes, grow maize and keep vegetable gardens.
Their last successful buffalo hunt was in 1855.
In 1858, the Ponca sign a treaty by which they give up parts of their land to the United States in return for protection from hostile tribes and a permanent reservation home on the Niobrara.
Their last successful buffalo hunt was in 1855.
In 1858, the Ponca sign a treaty by which they give up parts of their land to the United States in return for protection from hostile tribes and a permanent reservation home on the Niobrara.
The Ponca had signed their last treaty with the United States in 1865.
In the 1868 U.S.-Sioux Treaty of Fort Laramie, the U.S. mistakenly includes all Ponca lands in the Great Sioux Reservation.
In the 1868 U.S.-Sioux Treaty of Fort Laramie, the U.S. mistakenly includes all Ponca lands in the Great Sioux Reservation.
Conflict between the Ponca and the Lakota Sioux, who now claim the Ponca land as their own by United States law, force the U.S. to remove the Ponca from their own ancestral lands.
When Congress decided to remove several northern tribes to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in 1876, the Ponca were on the list.
The Ponca paramount chief White Eagle, Standing Bear, and other Ponca leaders had met with U.S. Indian Agent A. J. Carrier and signed a document allowing removal.
White Eagle, supported by other Ponca leaders, will later claim that because of a mistranslation, he had understood that they were to move to the Omaha Reservation, not to the Indian Territory.
In February 1877, ten Ponca chiefs, including Standing Bear, accompany Inspector Edward C. Kemble to Indian Territory to view several tracts of land.
After viewing lands on the Osage Reservation and the Kaw Reservation, the chiefs were unhappy with what they were shown, finding the land unsuitable for agriculture, and had asked to return home without looking at the Quapaw Reservation near present-day Peoria, Oklahoma.
Kemble, angry at what he called the Ponca chiefs' "insubordination," had refused to take them home until they had viewed all the land.
Instead, eight of the chiefs had decided to return home on foot.
Kemble had visited the Quapaw Reservation and selected it as the removal destination.
In April, Kemble heads south to the Quapaw Reservation with those Ponca willing to leave.
Most of the rest of the tribe refuses and must be moved by force.
The Ponca arrive in Oklahoma too late to plant crops this year, and the government fails to provide them with the farming equipment it had promised as part of the deal.
When Congress decided to remove several northern tribes to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in 1876, the Ponca were on the list.
The Ponca paramount chief White Eagle, Standing Bear, and other Ponca leaders had met with U.S. Indian Agent A. J. Carrier and signed a document allowing removal.
White Eagle, supported by other Ponca leaders, will later claim that because of a mistranslation, he had understood that they were to move to the Omaha Reservation, not to the Indian Territory.
In February 1877, ten Ponca chiefs, including Standing Bear, accompany Inspector Edward C. Kemble to Indian Territory to view several tracts of land.
After viewing lands on the Osage Reservation and the Kaw Reservation, the chiefs were unhappy with what they were shown, finding the land unsuitable for agriculture, and had asked to return home without looking at the Quapaw Reservation near present-day Peoria, Oklahoma.
Kemble, angry at what he called the Ponca chiefs' "insubordination," had refused to take them home until they had viewed all the land.
Instead, eight of the chiefs had decided to return home on foot.
Kemble had visited the Quapaw Reservation and selected it as the removal destination.
In April, Kemble heads south to the Quapaw Reservation with those Ponca willing to leave.
Most of the rest of the tribe refuses and must be moved by force.
The Ponca arrive in Oklahoma too late to plant crops this year, and the government fails to provide them with the farming equipment it had promised as part of the deal.
The U.S. returns 26,236 acres (106 square kilometers) of Knox County, Nebraska to the Ponca in 1881, and about half the tribe moves back north from Indian Territory.
The tribe continues to decline.
The tribe continues to decline.