Abbas Mirza
crown prince of Persia
1789 CE to 1833 CE
Prince, Field-Marshal Abbas Mirza, born Navaa village (August 26, 1789 - October 25, 1833), is a Qajar crown prince of Persia.
He developw a reputation as a military commander during wars with Russia and the Ottoman Empire, as an early modernizer of Persia's armed forces and institutions, and for his death before his father, Fath Ali Shah.
Abbas is an intelligent prince, possesses some literary taste, and is noteworthy for the comparative simplicity of his life.
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The large army of Persian ruler Fath Ali Shah, stationed in Aslan Duz, is led by the heir to the throne, Abbas Mirza.
The Russian squad, headed by the charismatic Major General Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, using the element of surprise night attack, had routed the Persians who were still at sleep and quickly moved on to storm Lankaran victoriously in the beginning of 1813, thus ending any Persian hopes of continuing the war or settling on even peace terms for both parties.
The Russian squad, headed by the charismatic Major General Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, using the element of surprise night attack, had routed the Persians who were still at sleep and quickly moved on to storm Lankaran victoriously in the beginning of 1813, thus ending any Persian hopes of continuing the war or settling on even peace terms for both parties.
Imperial Russia and Persia (modern day Iran) conclude a treaty on October 24 1813 in the village of Gulistan (in modern-day Goranboy Rayon of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War, lasting from 1804 to 1813.
The peace negotiations had been precipitated by Lankaran's fall to Gen. Pyotr Kotlyarevsky on 1 January 1813.
The treaty confirms the ceding and inclusion of what is today Daghstan, eastern Georgia, most of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and parts of northern Armenia from Iran into the Russian Empire.
The text is prepared by the British diplomat Sir Gore Ouseley who serves as the mediator and wields great influence at the Persian court.
It is signed by Nikolai Rtischev from the Russian side and Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi from the Persian side.
The result of the treaty is that it forcefully cedes the bulk of Iran's Caucasian territories, while it also directly contributes to the outbreak of the next war of the nineteenth century, namely the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828).
Under the Treaty of Turkmenchay that comes out of the 1826-1828 war, the last Caucasian territories will be stripped off from Iran, comprising modern-day Armenia and the remaining part of contemporary Azerbaijan that remained in Iranian hands.
By 1828, Iran will have lost, through the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties, all its aforementioned integral territories in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus, The area to the North of the river Aras, among which the territory of the contemporary nations of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the North Caucasian Republic of Dagestan have been Iranian territory until they are occupied by Russia in the course of the nineteenth century.
As a further direct result and consequence of the Gulistan treaty in combination with the successive Turkmenchay treaty of 1828, the formerly Iranian territories will become now part of Russia for around the next one hundred and eighty years, except Dagestan, which will remain a Russian possession ever since.
Out of the greater part of the territory, three separate nations will be formed through the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Lastly and equally important, as a result of Russia's imposing of the two treaties, it also decisively parts the Azerbaijanis and Talysh ever since between the two nations.
The peace negotiations had been precipitated by Lankaran's fall to Gen. Pyotr Kotlyarevsky on 1 January 1813.
The treaty confirms the ceding and inclusion of what is today Daghstan, eastern Georgia, most of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and parts of northern Armenia from Iran into the Russian Empire.
The text is prepared by the British diplomat Sir Gore Ouseley who serves as the mediator and wields great influence at the Persian court.
It is signed by Nikolai Rtischev from the Russian side and Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi from the Persian side.
The result of the treaty is that it forcefully cedes the bulk of Iran's Caucasian territories, while it also directly contributes to the outbreak of the next war of the nineteenth century, namely the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828).
Under the Treaty of Turkmenchay that comes out of the 1826-1828 war, the last Caucasian territories will be stripped off from Iran, comprising modern-day Armenia and the remaining part of contemporary Azerbaijan that remained in Iranian hands.
By 1828, Iran will have lost, through the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties, all its aforementioned integral territories in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus, The area to the North of the river Aras, among which the territory of the contemporary nations of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the North Caucasian Republic of Dagestan have been Iranian territory until they are occupied by Russia in the course of the nineteenth century.
As a further direct result and consequence of the Gulistan treaty in combination with the successive Turkmenchay treaty of 1828, the formerly Iranian territories will become now part of Russia for around the next one hundred and eighty years, except Dagestan, which will remain a Russian possession ever since.
Out of the greater part of the territory, three separate nations will be formed through the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Lastly and equally important, as a result of Russia's imposing of the two treaties, it also decisively parts the Azerbaijanis and Talysh ever since between the two nations.
Peace has reigned in the Caucasus for thirteen years since the Treaty of Gulistan concluded the previous Russo-Persian War in 1813.
However, Fath 'Ali Shah, constantly in need of foreign subsidies, relies on the advice of British agents, who press him to reconquer the territories lost to Russia and pledge their support to military action.
The matter is decided in spring 1826, when a bellicose party of the Crown Prince, Abbas Mirza, prevails in Tehran and the Russian minister, Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menshikov, is placed under house arrest.
Echmiadzin and the Nakhichevan Khanate are conquered from the Persians under Ivan Paskevich's leadership.
The tsar grants Paskevich the title of "Erivanskii"(Count of Yerevan), a million rubles and a diamond-mounted sword for his services after the Persians unsuccessfully try to recapture Echmiadzin.
The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan on October 1, 1827, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Eastern Armenia.
Pashkevich, in leaving Nakhichivan, had entrusted the area to Prince Eristov, a Georgian, with Muravyov as his lieutenant, giving them strict instructions to merely guard the province and make no aggressive move.
Abbas Mirza does the obvious thing.
Crossing the Aras unopposed he finds himself facing Eristov with four thousand men and twenty-six guns, far more than he had expected.
Abbas withdraws; Eristov chases him for a while and returns to Nakhichivan.
So far they are within their orders.
When they hear that the Persian army is in a state of complete demoralization the temptation is too great.
Setting off on September 30 they had reached a place called Maraud, Abbas got behind them, but when news of the fall of Yerevan reached them the Persian army was seized with panic and dispersed.
Muravyov now chooses to be bold, or foolish.
Concealing his plans from everyone including Eristov he leaves Marand on October 11 and heads south.
Abbas Mirza does the obvious thing.
Crossing the Aras unopposed he finds himself facing Eristov with four thousand men and twenty-six guns, far more than he had expected.
Abbas withdraws; Eristov chases him for a while and returns to Nakhichivan.
So far they are within their orders.
When they hear that the Persian army is in a state of complete demoralization the temptation is too great.
Setting off on September 30 they had reached a place called Maraud, Abbas got behind them, but when news of the fall of Yerevan reached them the Persian army was seized with panic and dispersed.
Muravyov now chooses to be bold, or foolish.
Concealing his plans from everyone including Eristov he leaves Marand on October 11 and heads south.
The Russian forces are a few miles from Tabriz by October 13.
The garrison flees, driven out, it is said, by the inhabitants.
The gates are opened and the ancient and wealthy city of sixty thousand inhabitants is occupied without opposition.
Peace negotiations begin immediately, but will drag on.
The garrison flees, driven out, it is said, by the inhabitants.
The gates are opened and the ancient and wealthy city of sixty thousand inhabitants is occupied without opposition.
Peace negotiations begin immediately, but will drag on.
Persia is forced irrevocably to cede the territories of the Erivan Khanate (most of present-day central Armenia and the northern Iğdır Province of Turkey), the Nakhichevan Khanate (most of the modern-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan), the remainder of the Talysh Khanate (southeastern Azerbaijan), and the Ordubad and Mughan regions (also part of modern-day Azerbaijan) to Imperial Russia by the Russian-Persian peace treaty signed on February 10 at Torkamanchay.
By this and the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) it has now lost all its territories north of the Aras River, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Armenia to Russia.
Armenians from Persian Azerbaijan are to be resettled in the Caucasus.
By this and the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) it has now lost all its territories north of the Aras River, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Armenia to Russia.
Armenians from Persian Azerbaijan are to be resettled in the Caucasus.