Henry V, on returning from Italy to Germany, seeks to strengthen his power by granting privileges to the inhabitants of the region of the upper Rhine, along which the largest cities are Basel, Mulhouse, Strasbourg, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen and Mainz.

Antipope Victor IV is described by John of Salisbury as eloquent and refined, but petty and parsimonious.

When he was sent with Cardinal Jordan of Santa Susanna as a papal legate to summon Conrad III of Germany to Italy to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor, he had quarreled with his co-legate and, in the words of Salisbury, "made the Church a laughingstock.” (Norwich, John Julius.

The Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194.

London: Longmans, 1970.)

Victor dies at Lucca on April 20, 1164.

A small number of cardinals who had elected Victor IV meet again in 1164 to vote Paschal III as his successor.

The second of the antipopes to challenge the reign of Pope Alexander III, his real name is Guido of Crema.

Established at Viterbo, Paschal successfully prevents the legitimate pontiff from reaching Rome.

Paschal canonizes Charlemagne in 1165 in order to gain more support from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

The Catholic Church will never recognize this canonization, since Paschal is an antipope.

(In 1179, the Third Council of the Lateran will annul all of his ordinances, including the canonization.

Charlemagne will remain in good regard still, however, among Catholics, and Prosper Guéranger will even compose a prayer to Charlemagne.)

The free-city-states of Lombardy—including Milan, Mantua, Venice, Padua, Lodi, and Brescia—that have warred with Frederick Barbarossa from 1158 over his assertion of sole authority to appoint governors in each town, form the Lombard League against the emperor in 1167 to repel his fourth expedition to Italy.

Alexander cooperates with them against Frederick, whose promotion of antipopes has fomented a schism within Roman Catholic Christianity.