Jacob Rodriguez Rivera
Slave trader and candle manufacturer in Rhose Island
1717 CE to 1789 CE
Jacob Rodriguez Rivera (1717-1789), hails from a "Marrano" family from Seville, Spain.
He arrives in Rhode Island via Curacao in 1748 to Newport, where he introduces the manufacture of spermaceti candle-making.
In 1759, acting in trust for the Newport congregation, he acquires land on Griffin Street (now Touro) for a synagogue.
Next to Aaron Lopez, who is his nephew, Rivera occupies the highest position in the commercial, religious and social life of Newport's Jewish community.
His daughter Sarah, marries Aaron Lopez in 1763 and his son Jacob owns a grand mansion on the Parade that is today located at 8 Washington Square.
The United Company of Spermaceti Candlers, one of America’s first cartels, is established to control the cost and distribution of product.
Aaron Lopez is involved as well as Rivera and his partner Henry Collins.
He moves to Leicester, Massachusetts, during the American Revolution.
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Newport is the center of the slave trade in New England during the Colonial period, active in the "triangle trade" in which slave-produced sugar and molasses from the Caribbean are carried to Rhode Island and distilled into rum, which is then carried to West Africa and exchanged for captives.
In 1764, Rhode Island has about thirty rum distilleries, twent-two in Newport alone.
The Common Burial Ground on Farewell Street is where most of the slaves are buried.
Sixty percent of slave-trading voyages launched from North America issue from tiny Rhode Island, in some years more than ninety percent, and many from Newport.
William and Samuel Vernon are Newport merchants who later play an important role in financing the creation of the United States Navy; they sponsor thirty African slaving ventures.
However, it is the DeWolfs of Bristol, Rhode Island, and most notably James De Wolf, who are the largest slave-trading family in all of North America, mounting more than eighty transatlantic voyages, most of them illegal.
The Rhode Island slave trade is broadly based.
Seven hundred Rhode Islanders own or captain slave ships, including most substantial merchants, and many ordinary shopkeepers and tradesmen who purchase shares in slaving voyages.
In 1764, Rhode Island has about thirty rum distilleries, twent-two in Newport alone.
The Common Burial Ground on Farewell Street is where most of the slaves are buried.
Sixty percent of slave-trading voyages launched from North America issue from tiny Rhode Island, in some years more than ninety percent, and many from Newport.
William and Samuel Vernon are Newport merchants who later play an important role in financing the creation of the United States Navy; they sponsor thirty African slaving ventures.
However, it is the DeWolfs of Bristol, Rhode Island, and most notably James De Wolf, who are the largest slave-trading family in all of North America, mounting more than eighty transatlantic voyages, most of them illegal.
The Rhode Island slave trade is broadly based.
Seven hundred Rhode Islanders own or captain slave ships, including most substantial merchants, and many ordinary shopkeepers and tradesmen who purchase shares in slaving voyages.
Robert Morris was born to Robert Morris, Sr. and Elizabeth Murphet in Liverpool, Lancashire, England, on January 20, 1734.
At the age of thirteen, Morris had immigrated to Oxford, Maryland, to live with his father, who was a tobacco factor.
As a youth, Morris was provided a tutor and was a quick learner.
His father sent him to Philadelphia to study where he stayed with Charles Greenway, a family friend.
Greenway arranged for young Robert to become an apprentice at the shipping and banking firm of the Philadelphia merchant (and then mayor) Charles Willing.
A year later, Robert's father died after being wounded in an accident when hit by the wadding of a ship's gun that was fired in his honor.
When Charles Willing died in 1754, his son Thomas Willing made Morris his partner at the age twenty-four.
They established the prominent shipping-banking firm of Willing, Morris & Co. on May 1, 1757.
Their partnership is a merchant firm with interests in shipping, real estate, and other lines of business.
The partnership had been forged just after the Seven Years' War began (1754–1763), which had hindered attracting the usual supply of new indentured servants to the colony.
Potential immigrants are conscripted in England to fight in Europe, and the contracts for those already in the colonies in America are expiring.
Indentured servants can legally break their contracts to join the British forces to fight against the French and their native allies.
At the same time, the British Crown had wanted to encourage the slave trade which was profitable for the King's political allies in the African Company of Merchants.
While Morris was a junior partner and Willing was pursuing a political career, the company Willing, Morris & Co. had co-signed a petition calling for the repeal of Pennsylvania's tariff on imported slaves. (About two hundred slaves had been imported into Philadelphia in 1762, the height of the trade; most of whom were brought in by the Rhode Islanders Aaron Lopez and Jacob Rivera.)
Willing, Morris & Co had funded its own slave-trading voyage.
The ship had not carried enough to be profitable and, during a second trip, had been captured by French privateers.
The firm had handled two slave auctions for other importers, offering a total of twenty-three slaves.
In 1762 the firm had advertised an agency sale in Wilmington, Delaware for over one hundred Gold Coast slaves.
The ship had docked in Wilmington to avoid the tariff.
In 1765 on their last reported agency deal (out of a total of eight), the firm advertises seventy slaves who are brought in from Africa on the ship Marquis de Granby.
The slaves are not sold in Philadelphia, as the owner takes the ship and all the slaves to Jamaica.
At the age of thirteen, Morris had immigrated to Oxford, Maryland, to live with his father, who was a tobacco factor.
As a youth, Morris was provided a tutor and was a quick learner.
His father sent him to Philadelphia to study where he stayed with Charles Greenway, a family friend.
Greenway arranged for young Robert to become an apprentice at the shipping and banking firm of the Philadelphia merchant (and then mayor) Charles Willing.
A year later, Robert's father died after being wounded in an accident when hit by the wadding of a ship's gun that was fired in his honor.
When Charles Willing died in 1754, his son Thomas Willing made Morris his partner at the age twenty-four.
They established the prominent shipping-banking firm of Willing, Morris & Co. on May 1, 1757.
Their partnership is a merchant firm with interests in shipping, real estate, and other lines of business.
The partnership had been forged just after the Seven Years' War began (1754–1763), which had hindered attracting the usual supply of new indentured servants to the colony.
Potential immigrants are conscripted in England to fight in Europe, and the contracts for those already in the colonies in America are expiring.
Indentured servants can legally break their contracts to join the British forces to fight against the French and their native allies.
At the same time, the British Crown had wanted to encourage the slave trade which was profitable for the King's political allies in the African Company of Merchants.
While Morris was a junior partner and Willing was pursuing a political career, the company Willing, Morris & Co. had co-signed a petition calling for the repeal of Pennsylvania's tariff on imported slaves. (About two hundred slaves had been imported into Philadelphia in 1762, the height of the trade; most of whom were brought in by the Rhode Islanders Aaron Lopez and Jacob Rivera.)
Willing, Morris & Co had funded its own slave-trading voyage.
The ship had not carried enough to be profitable and, during a second trip, had been captured by French privateers.
The firm had handled two slave auctions for other importers, offering a total of twenty-three slaves.
In 1762 the firm had advertised an agency sale in Wilmington, Delaware for over one hundred Gold Coast slaves.
The ship had docked in Wilmington to avoid the tariff.
In 1765 on their last reported agency deal (out of a total of eight), the firm advertises seventy slaves who are brought in from Africa on the ship Marquis de Granby.
The slaves are not sold in Philadelphia, as the owner takes the ship and all the slaves to Jamaica.
Rhode Island’s success in the trade and ownership of slaves by the mid-eighteenth century gives direct rise to one of America’s first business cartels.
Spermaceti, oil produced by the sperm whale, is used in the eighteenth century to produce a superior candle.
The United Spermaceti Candle Making Company is founded in Newport and its founding partners include the Brown brothers of Providence, Aaron Lopez and Jacob Rodriguez Rivera of Newport.
The company controls the American market in the production and distribution of spermaceti candles.
The candle factories are located in both Providence and Newport and the labor force includes many slaves.
Ironically, the founding partners will later become most famous for being the early contributors to Brown University in Providence and Touro Synagogue in Newport, the oldest existing synagogue in North America.
Spermaceti, oil produced by the sperm whale, is used in the eighteenth century to produce a superior candle.
The United Spermaceti Candle Making Company is founded in Newport and its founding partners include the Brown brothers of Providence, Aaron Lopez and Jacob Rodriguez Rivera of Newport.
The company controls the American market in the production and distribution of spermaceti candles.
The candle factories are located in both Providence and Newport and the labor force includes many slaves.
Ironically, the founding partners will later become most famous for being the early contributors to Brown University in Providence and Touro Synagogue in Newport, the oldest existing synagogue in North America.