John Sloan

Robert Henri's vigorous ideas attract a group of young illustrators from the Philadelphia press: John Sloan, Everett Shinn, George Luks, and William J. Glackens.

A Cincinnati native, Henri had studied painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, from 1884 to 1888, and at both the Académie Julian and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.

Upon returning to the United States in 1892 at twenty-seven, he became an instructor at the School of Design for Women in Philadelphia.

By 1895, Henri had come to reconsider his earlier love of Impressionism, calling it a "new academicism."

He was urging his friends and proteges to create a new, more realistic art that would speak directly to their own time and experience.

He believes that it is the right moment for American painters to seek out fresh, less genteel subjects in the modern American city.

The paintings by Henri, Sloan, Glackens, Luks, Shinn, and others of their acquaintance that are inspired by this outlook willl eventually come to be called the Ashcan School of American art.

They spurn academic painting and Impressionism as an art of mere surfaces.

Ashcan painters will begin to attract public attention in the same decade in which the realist fiction of Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, and Frank Norris finds its audience and the muckraking journalists are calling attention to slum conditions. 

For several years, Henri divides his time between Philadelphia and Paris, where he meets the Canadian artist James Wilson Morrice.

Morrice introduces Henri to the practice of painting pochades on tiny wood panels that can be carried in a coat pocket along with a small kit of brushes and oil.

This method facilitates the kind of spontaneous depictions of urban scenes that will come to be associated with his mature style.

Hammerstein's Roof Garden, a cabaret scene executed when William Glackens is thirty-one, is his first important oil painting and is exhibited at the Allen Gallery in New York in 1901 with Robert Henri and John Sloan and hereafter will gain favorable notice as an up-and-coming artist.

Glackens had studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and at the same time worked as an illustrator for the Philadelphia Record, the Public Ledger, and The Philadelphia Press.

In 1895 he spent a year in Paris and then settled in New York City, where he worked as an illustrator for the New York World, a position he attained through his friend and fellow illustrator George Luks, a painter who had also been a participant in the Henri studio sessions in Philadelphia.

Glackens later became a sketch artist for The New York Herald.

He also worked as an illustrator for various magazines, including McClure's Magazine, which sent him to Cuba to cover the Spanish–American War.

Glackens is making a living as a magazine illustrator, but his real passion lies in painting.