Subject
Art movements
Art movements. Self-identified groupings of artists pursuing a shared program, with the manifestos, exhibitions, and quarrels that define them. The anchor is about 1850, with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and Realism — the first movements to name themselves in advance and announce what they were against. That is the novelty. Schools and workshops are ancient and were named by later critics; a movement names itself, which requires a press to announce it in, a public to announce it to, and a market in which being new is an advantage.