Cold War

The Cold War, often dated from 1947 to 1991, is a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western Bloc, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact.

This begins after the success of their temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences.

A neutral faction arises with the Non-Aligned Movement founded by Egypt, India, and Yugoslavia; this faction reject association with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led East.The name "Cold War" was coined by the English writer George Orwell, after the dropping of the first atomic bombs in 1945 had ushered in a new world also foreseen by H.G.

Wells.

It described a world where the two major powers—each possessing nuclear weapons and thereby threatened with mutual assured destruction—never met in direct military combat.

Instead, in their struggle for global influence they engaged in ongoing psychological warfare and in regular indirect confrontations through proxy wars.

Cycles of relative calm are followed by high tension, which could lead to world war.

The tensest times are during the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949), the Korean War (1950–1953), the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Cuban missile crisis (1962), the Vietnam War (1959–1975), the Yom Kippur War (1973), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989), the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (1983), and the "Able Archer" NATO military exercises (1983).

The conflict is expressed through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to client states, espionage, massive propaganda campaigns, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events (in particular the Olympics), and technological competitions such as the Space Race.

The US and USSR become involved in political and military conflicts in the Third World countries of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

To alleviate the risk of a potential nuclear war, both sides seek relief of political tensions through détente in the 1970s.In the 1980s, the United States increases diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state is already suffering from economic stagnation.

In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev introduces the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ("reorganization", 1987) and glasnost ("openness", ca.

1985).

Pressures for national independence grow stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland.

They reach a breaking point when Gorbachev refuses to use Soviet troops to support the faltering government of East Germany in late 1989.

Within weeks, all the satellite states break free from Moscow in a peaceful wave of revolutions (there is some violence in Romania).

The pressures escalate inside the Soviet Union, where Communism falls and the USSR is formally dissolved in late 1991.

The United States remains as the world's only superpower.

The Cold War and its events leave a significant legacy, and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare.

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