Edwardian Conquest of Wales

The Conquest of Wales by Edward I, sometimes referred to as the Edwardian Conquest of Wales to distinguish it from the earlier (but partial) Norman conquest of Wales, takes lace between 1277 and 1283.

It resultsin the defeat and annexation of the Principality of Wales, and the other last remaining independent Welsh principalities, by Edward I of England.By the thirteenth century, Wales is divided between native Welsh principalities and the territories of the Anglo-Norman Marcher lords.

The leading principality is Gwynedd, whose princes had gained control of the greater part of the country, making the other remaining Welsh princes their vassals, and had taken the title Prince of Wales.

Although English monarchs had made several attempts to seize control of the native Welsh territories, it was not until Edward's war of conquest against Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ("Llywelyn the Last") of 1277 to 1283 that this is achieved on a lasting basis.In two campaigns, in 1277 and 1282/1283 respectively, Edward first significantly reduces the territory of the Principality of Wales and then completely overruns it, as well as the other remaining Welsh principalities.

Most of the conquered territory is retained as a royal fief, and these lands subsequently become, by custom, the territorial endowment of the heir to the English throne with the title Prince of Wales.

The remainder will be granted to Edward's supporters as new Marcher lordships.

Although the territories will not be effectively incorporated into the Kingdom of England until the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, Edward's conquest marks the end of Welsh independence.

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