Egyptian revolution of 2011

The Egyptian revolution of 2011, also known as the 25 January Revolution, starts on January 25, 2011 and spreads across Egypt.

The date had been set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Mubarak's presidency. 

It consists of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes.

Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demand the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.

Violent clashes between security forces and protesters result in at least eight hundred and forty-six people killed and over six thousand injured.

Protesters retaliate by burning over ninety police stations across the country.

The Egyptian protesters' grievances focuses on legal and political issues, including police brutality, state-of-emergency laws, lack of political freedom, civil liberty, freedom of speech, corruption, high unemployment, food-price inflation and low wages.

The protesters' primary demands are the end of the Mubarak regime and emergency law.

Strikes by labor unions add to the pressure on government officials.

During the uprising, the capital, Cairo, is described as "a war zone" and the port city of Suez sees frequent violent clashes.

Protesters defy a government-imposed curfew, which is impossible to enforce by the police and military.

Egypt's Central Security Forces, loyal to Mubarak, are gradually replaced by military troops.

In the chaos, there is looting by rioters which is instigated (according to opposition sources) by plainclothes police officers. In response, watch groups are organized by civilian vigilantes to protect their neighborhoods.

On February 11, 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announces that Mubarak has resigned as president, turning power over to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF).

The military junta, headed by effective head of state Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, announce on February 13 that the constitution is suspended, both houses of parliament dissolved and the military will govern for six months (until elections can be held).

The previous cabinet, including Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik, will serve as a caretaker government until a new one is formed.

After the revolution against Mubarak and a period of rule by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, the Muslim Brotherhood takes power in Egypt through a series of popular elections, with Egyptians electing Islamist Mohamed Morsi to the presidency in June 2012.

However, the Morsi government encounters fierce opposition after his attempt to pass an Islamic-leaning constitution.

Morsi also issues a temporary presidential decree that raises his decisions over judicial review to enable the passing of the constitution.

It sparks general outrage from secularists and members of the military, and mass protests break out against his rule on June 28, 2013.

On July 3, 2013, Morsi is deposed by a coup d'état led by the minister of defense, General Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, as millions of Egyptians take to the streets in support of early elections.

El-Sisi goes on to become Egypt's president by popular election in 2014.

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