Ferdinand, hard pressed and lacking outside aid,…

Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, a Spanish explorer in command of the San Juan, had left port in Tidore, an island of the East Indies, on June 13, 1545.

He coasts northern New Guinea as far as the Mamberamo River, near which he lands, and finding its people physically similar to those of West Africa’s Guinea Coast, names the island 'Nueva Guinea,’ claiming it for the Spanish crown.

Tabinshwehti marches north in 1545, taking Pagan and ...

...Salin, where he leaves a garrison.

Instead of driving northwards and reestablishing a Burmese state at Ava, Tabinshwehti turns his attention to the coastal polities to his west and east, Arakan and Ayutthaya.

The Portuguese initiate trade with Japan in 1545.

Motonobu, or Kano Motonobu is the son of the painter Masanobu, the official founder of the Kano school, one of the most famous schools of Japanese painting, but only in Motonobu's works does the decorative style of the Kano blossom into full flower.

Motonobu's brilliant synthesis of bold Chinese-style brushwork and the decorative color and lyric mood of traditional Japanese painting is exemplified by his paintings in ink and soft color, such as Stork on a Branch, executed around 1545.

Vadstena Castle, the second major Swedish castle built under the new Vasa dynasty, is constructed in 1545 according to the more ordered plan of the new style and features considerable purely Renaissance decorative detail than the early, essentially medieval, Gripsholm Castle built eight years earlier.

Farid-ud-Din Sher Shah, Afghan ruler of North India from 1540, has driven his foes from Bengal, Bihar, Hindustan, and the Punjab, and suppressed the Baluch chiefs on the northwestern frontier.

He has reorganized the Mughal organization, efficiently administered the army and tax collections, and built roads, rest houses, and wells for his people.

He is generally tolerant of non-Muslims, a notable exception being his massacre of Hindus after the surrender of Raisen.

Intent on expanding the sultanate of Delhi, the throne of which he had earlier wrested from Babur’s son and successor Humayun, ...

...Sher Shah captures Gwalior and ...

...Malwa, defeating the Rajputs, ...

...but is killed by a cannon ball on May 22, 1545, during the siege of Kalinjar in central India.

His son and successor, Islam or Salim Shah, is a man of ability and strives to maintain Afghan rule despite dissensions.