Hasdrubal, summoned to join his brother in…

Antiochus meets strong resistance at the frontier by the Bactrian cavalry.

Euthydemus, failing in his attempt to defend the line of the Arius (Harirud) River, had fallen back to his capital, Bactra (probably Balkh in northern Afghanistan), where he withstands a two-year siege.

Finally, Antiochus concludes a peace by which Euthydemus is to keep his kingdom while acknowledging Seleucid overlordship.

The Romans have meanwhile countered the moves of Philip V of Macedon by an alliance with the Greek cities of the Aetolian League, but Philip has effectively aided his allies.

The Romans in 207 withdraw their armies from Greece.

The neutral trading powers are still trying to arrange a peace.

Philip had met at Elateia with the same would be peacemakers from Egypt and Rhodes, who had been at the meeting in Heraclea, and again in the spring of 207 BCE, but to no avail.

Representatives of Egypt, Rhodes, Byzantium, Chios, Mytilene and perhaps Athens also meet again this spring with the Aetolians.

The war is going Philip's way, but the Aetolians, although now abandoned by both Pergamon and Rome, are not yet ready to make peace on Philip's terms.

Machanidas, Tyrant of Sparta, was originally, perhaps, the leader of a band of Tarentine mercenaries in the pay of the Spartan government.

The history of Lacedaemon at this period is so obscure that the means by which Machanidas obtained the tyranny are unknown.

He was probably at first associated with Pelops, son and successor of Lycurgus on the double throne of Sparta; but he eclipsed or expelled his colleague, and for his crimes and the terror he inspired he is termed emphatically "the tyrant." (tyrannus Lacedaemoniorum, Livy 27.29.9 )

Like his predecessor Lycurgus, Machanidas has no hereditary or plausible title to the crown, but, unlike him, he respects neither the ephors nor the laws, and rules by the swords of his mercenaries alone.

Argos and the Achaean League find him a restless and relentless neighbor, whom they cannot resist without the aid of Macedon.

Rome at this crisis, the eleventh year of the Second Punic War, is anxious to detain Philip V; and as usual, unscrupulous in the choice of its instruments, the republic employs him as an active and able ally.

Machanidas reveres the religious views of Greece as little as the political rights of his own subjects.

Towards the close of the Aetolian War, in 207 BCE, while the Greek states are negotiating the terms of peace, and the Eleans are making preparations for the next Olympic festival, Machanidas projects an inroad into the sacred territory of Elis.

The design is frustrated by the timely arrival of the king of Macedon in the Peloponnesus, and Machanidas withdraws precipitately to Sparta, but the project marks both the man and the era—an era equally void of personal, national, and ancestral faith.

Philopoemen, captain-general of the cavalry of the Achaean league, after eight months' careful preparation, in 207 BCE delivers Greece from Machanidas.

The Achaean and Lacedaemonian armies meet between Mantineia and Tegea.

Machanidas routs and chases from the field the mercenaries of Philopoemen.

They pursue, however, too eagerly and when Machanidas leads his men back to the battle the outnumbered Spartan infantry have been defeated and the Achaeans are strongly positioned behind a water-filled ditch.

Going back on to the attack, Machanidas is dismounted as he attempts to leap his horse over the ditch and is slain.

The Achaeans, allies of Macedonia, are victorious.

The Qin, under Shi Huangdi, have from about 200 BCE enlisted huge levies of laborers for the construction of extensive canal irrigation facilities in central China, and also to fill the gaps in the northern frontier walls built by earlier states, thus creating the Great Wall of China along the Mongolian border in the far north. (Little of this wall remains. Since then, the Great Wall has on and off been rebuilt, maintained, enhanced; the majority of the existing wall will be reconstructed during the Ming Dynasty.)

Liu Bang (or Liu Qi), a peasant warrior, leads a successful rebellion in opposition to the totalitarian Qin’s heavy requisitions for the military and public works projects.

The authority of Shi Huangdi's successor collapses in 206 BCE, and central power shifts to Liu Bang.

Philip forces an independent settlement upon Aetolia in 206 BCE following the Roman withdrawal from Greece.

Scipio, after winning over a number of Hispanian chiefs (namely Indibilis and Mandonius), achieves a decisive victory in 206 BCE over the full Carthaginian levy at Ilipa (now the city of Alcalá del Río, near Hispalis, now called Seville), which results in the evacuation of Hispania by the Punic commanders.

After his rapid success in conquering Hispania, and with the idea of striking a blow at Carthage in Africa, Scipio pays a short visit to the Numidian princes Syphax and Massinissa.

Scipio, on his return to Hispania, has to quell a mutiny at Sucro that had broken out among his troops.

Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal had meanwhile marched for Italy and met his death, and in 206 BCE Scipio himself, having secured the Roman occupation of Hispania by the capture of Gades, gives up his command and returns to Rome.

Masinissa, the son of the chieftain Gala of a Numidian tribal group, the Massylii, had been brought up in Carthage, an ally of his father.

At the start of the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE), Masinissa had fought for Carthage against Syphax, the King of the Masaesyli of western Numidia (present day Algeria), who had allied himself with the Romans.

Masinissa, then seventeen years old, had led an army of Numidian troops and Carthaginian auxiliaries against Syphax's army and won a decisive victory.

Numidia is of vital importance to Carthage, supplying both mercenaries and allied forces.

In addition to supplying the Numidian cavalry, Numidia operates as a buffer for vulnerable Carthage.

When Gaia dies in 206, his sons Masinissa and Oezalces quarrel about the inheritance, and Syphax—now an ally of Carthage—is able to conquer considerable parts of the eastern Numidian kingdom.

Meanwhile, with the Carthaginians having been driven from Spain, Masinissa concludes that Rome is winning the war against Carthage and therefore decides to defect to Rome, promising to assist Publius Scipio, later known as Scipio Africanus, in the invasion of Carthaginian territory in Africa.

This decision is aided by the move by Scipio to free Masinissa's nephew, Massiva, whom the Romans had captured when he had disobeyed his uncle and ridden into battle.

Having lost the alliance with Masinissa, Hasdrubal Barca starts to look for another ally and finds one in Syphax, who marries Sophonisba, the daughter of Hasdrubal Gisco, a celebrated beauty, who until the defection had been betrothed to Masinissa.

The Romans support Masinissa's claim to the Numidian throne against Syphax, who is nevertheless successful in driving Masinissa from power.