Henry of Burgundy and the Foundation of…

The Khmer had been rallied by a new king, Jayavarman VII, who had driven the Cham from Cambodia in 1181.

When Jaya Indravarman IV launched another attack against Cambodia in 1190, Jayavarman VII had appointed a Cham prince named Vidyanandana to lead the Khmer army.

Vidyanandana had defeated the invaders and proceeded to occupy Vijaya and to capture Jaya Indravarman, whom he sent back to Angkor as a prisoner.

Following the conquest of Vijaya, the Khmer king had installed his own brother-in-law, Prince In, as a puppet king in Champa.

Civil war had broken out, however, between several factions.

In the end, Prince In had prevailed, but had then declared his independence from Cambodia.

Khmer troops will attempt unsuccessfully to regain control over Champa throughout the 1190s.

The Seljuq Turks had defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040 and entered Iran.

The Karakhanids had been able to withstand the Seljuqs initially, and had briefly taken control of Seljuq towns in Khorasan.

The Karakhanids, however, developed serious conflicts with the religious classes (the ulama).

In 1089, during the reign of Ibrahim's grandson Ahmad bin Khidr, at the request the ulama of Transoxiana, the Seljuqs had entered and taken control of Samarkand, together with the domains belonging to the Western Karakhanid Khanate.

The Western Kara-Khanids will remain a vassal of the Seljuqs for half a century, and the rulers of the Western Khanate are largely whomever the Seljuqs chose to place on the throne.

Ahmad bin Khidr had been returned to power by the Seljuqs, but in 1095, the ulama accuse Ahmad of heresy and manage to secure his execution.

Odense had been established as the seat of the Bishop of Odense (Othinia) before 988 under the supervision of the Bishop of Schleswig, itself a suffragan of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen.

The diocese included the southern Baltic islands of Denmark.

The earliest bishops' names have not been recorded.

Odense had passed to the jurisdiction of Roskilde in 1072 for a short period of time before falling to the Archdiocese of Lund.

The earliest known church on the present location is a travertine church that is reported under construction by Aelnoth of Canterbury, a Benedictine monk at the nearby St. Alban's Priory in 1095.

The foundations of the travertine church can still be seen in the crypt of the present building.

The church is built in Romanesque style with semi-circular arches supporting a flat timber ceiling.

The travertine church is constructed specifically to house the earthly remains of King Canute, murdered in the church of St. Alban's Priory in 1086.

Most information about Magnus is gleaned from Norse sagas and chronicles, which will only begin to appear during the twelfth century.

The most important sources still available are the Norwegian chronicles Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium by Theodoric the Monk and the anonymous Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum (or simply Ágrip) from the 1180s and the Icelandic sagas Heimskringla (by Snorri Sturluson), Morkinskinna and Fagrskinna, which date to about the 1220s.

While the later sagas are the most detailed accounts, they are also generally considered the least reliable.

Additional information about Magnus, in particular his campaigns, is found in sources from the British Isles, which include contemporary accounts.

Although sources are unclear about the first year of Magnus Barefoot’s reign, it is apparent that the king’s focus is on the west (towards the British Isles).

Since conditions have been chaotic in Norse-dominated parts of the British Isles since the death of Thorfinn the Mighty, this provides Magnus an opportunity to intervene in local power struggles.

According to some accounts, he made his first expedition west in 1093–94 (or 1091–92), helping Scottish king Donald Bane to conquer Edinburgh and the Scottish throne and possibly gaining control of the Southern Isles (Suðreyjar) in return.

It is unclear if this early expedition took place, since it is not directly referenced in early reliable sources or the sagas.

Haakon has been proclaimed king in the Uplands and at the Øyrating, the thing of Trøndelag (in central Norway).

According to Førsund, Haakon took control of the entire portion of the kingdom once held by his father (also including the Frostating—the thing of Hålogaland in northern Norway—and the Gulating—the thing of western Norway).

Haakon has secured support by relieving farmers of taxes and duties (including taxes dating back to the Danish rule of Sweyn Knutsson during the early 1030s), while Magnus pursues costly policies and demands lengthy military service.

After Magnus settles at the new royal estate in Nidaros for the winter of 1094–95, Haakon also travels to the city and takes up residence at the old royal estate.

Their relationship becomes increasingly tense, culminating when Haakon sees Magnus' longships fully rigged at sea.

Haakon summons the Øyrating in response, leading Magnus to sail southwards.

Haakon attempts to intercept Magnus by traveling south to Viken by land (over the mountains of Dovrefjell), but he dies unexpectedly while hunting in February 1095.

Haakon's foster-father Tore Tordsson ("Steigar-Tore"), who refuses to recognize Magnus as king after Haakon's death had been the strongman behind the monarch.

With Egil Aslaksson and other noblemen, he has the otherwise-unknown Sweyn Haraldsson set up as a pretender.

Although later sagas maintain that Sweyn was Danish, some modern historians have speculated that he may have been a son of Harald Hardrada.

The revolt is based in the Uplands, but also gains support from noblemen elsewhere in the country.

After several weeks of fighting, Magnus captures Tore and his supporters and has them hanged on the island of Vambarholm (outside Hamnøy, Lofoten, in northern Norway).

Magnus was reportedly furious because he could not pardon Egil, a potentially useful, young and resourceful nobleman.

As king, his honor would only allow a pardon if other noblemen pleaded for Egil's life; this did not happen.

Ladislaus is planning to invade Bohemia in order to assist his sister's sons, Svatopluk and Otto.

However, he becomes seriously ill even before reaching Moravia.

According to the Illuminated Chronicle, Ladislaus "called together his chief men" and "ordained that" his brother's younger son Álmos "should reign after him", because he had no sons.

The king dies near the border between the Kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia on July 29, 1095.

Ladislaus is succeeded by his nephew Coloman of Hungary who apparently was the new guardian of Ladisalus’s orphaned daughter Piroska.

Seeking to advance Hungarian interest in the Balkans, and in an effort to improve relations with Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, Coloman negotiates the marriage of his daughter Piroska to John II Komnenos, the eldest son of Alexios I and Irene Doukaina.

Made co-ruler of his father on September 1, 1092, John is expected to succeed him.

Melissenos, along with George Palaiologos and John Taronites, is left in charge of defending the region of Berrhoe (modern Stara Zagora) against Cuman attacks in the 1095 campaign against the Cumans.

This is the last mention of Melissenos in Anna Komnene's Alexiad.

He will die on November 17, 1104.

Nizar revolts and is defeated in 1095; his supporters, led by Hassan-i-Sabah, flee east, where Hassan establishes the Ismaili community, sometimes erroneously called the Hashshashin, or Assassins.

The Valence Cathedral, which has an interesting apse, is rebuilt in the eleventh century in the Romanesque style of Auvergne and consecrated in 1095 by Pope Urban I.

Urban II exchanges much correspondence with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, to whom he extends an order to come urgently to Rome just after the archbishop's first flight from England; he had earlier given his approval to Anselm's work Epistola de Incarnatione Verbi (On The Incarnation of the Word).