Louis XI’s Military Challenge and the Battle…

The Japanese civil war between the two daimyo, called the Onin War, spreads rapidly throughout the nation even after the deaths, in 1473, of opposing war leaders Hosokawa Katsumoto and his father-in-law, Yamana Souzen Mochitoyo.

The war, involving more than a dozen great clans, notably the Hatakeyama and the Shiba, rages for a decade, during which time most of Kyoto is burnt to the ground.

The Hosokawa and Yamana clans agree to an armistice in 1477, officially ending the war, but many of the daimyo continue to struggle in other regions for the redistribution of feudal power.

Uppsala University, as with most medieval universities, initially grows out of an ecclesiastical center.

The archbishopric of Uppsala has been one of the most important sees in Sweden proper since Christianity first spread to this region in the ninth century.

Uppsala has also long been a hub for regional trade, and contains settlements dating back into the early Middle Ages.

As is also the case with most medieval universities, Uppsala is initially chartered through a papal bull.

Uppsala's bull, which grants the university its corporate rights, is issued by Pope Sixtus IV in 1477, and establishes a number of provisions.

Among the most important of these is that the university is officially given the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna.

This includes the right to establish the four traditional faculties of theology, law (Canon Law and Roman law), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelors, masters, licentiate, and doctorate degrees.

The archbishop of Uppsala is also named as the university's Chancellor, and is charged with maintaining the rights and privileges of the university and its members

German sculptor Veit Stoss, having established himself as a master in Nuremberg, moves in 1477 at age thirty to Poland, where he begins work on the enormous “Altarpiece of the Virgin” in the Church of Saint Mary at Kraków.

Matthias's bride Beatrice of Naples had arrived in Hungary in late 1476, and Matthias had married her in Buda on December 22 of that year.

The new Queen soon establishes a rigid etiquette, making direct contacts between the King and his subjects more difficult.

According to Bonfini, Matthias also "improved his board and manner of life, introduced sumptuous banquets, disdaining humility at home and beautified the dining rooms" after his marriage.

According to a contemporaneous record, around this time Matthias's revenues amount to about five hundred thousand florins, half of which derive from the tax of the royal treasury and the extraordinary tax.

Matthias concludes an alliance with the Teutonic Knights and the Bishopric of Ermland against Poland in March 1477.

However, instead of Poland, he declares war on Emperor Frederick after he learns that the Emperor has confirmed Vladislaus Jagiellon's position as King of Bohemia and Prince-elector.

Matthias invades Lower Austria and imposes a blockade on Vienna.

Vladislaus Jagiellon denies to support the Emperor, forcing him to seek reconciliation with Matthias.

Matthias, with the mediation of Pope Sixtus IV, Venice, and Ferdinand I of Naples, concludes a peace treaty with Frederick III, which is signed on December 1.

The Emperor promises to confirm Matthias as the lawful ruler of Bohemia and to pay him an indemnity of one hundred thousand florins.

They meet in Korneuburg where Frederick III installs Matthias as King of Bohemia and Matthias swears loyalty to the Emperor.

The influential Indian poet Chandidas, a Brahmin priest in the temple of the goddess Basuli, falls in love with, but never marries, a washerwoman of legendary beauty.

His love lyrics include the impressive and tender Srikrishna Kirtan (”Songs in praise of Krishna”).

His “kirtaus” (folksongs) are widely read and recited before and after his death at around sixty in about 1477.

Giuliano da Maiano was born in the village of Maiano, near Fiesole, where his father was a stonecutter who moved his family and business to Florence, where, according to Vasari, he operated a stonemason's yard, providing moldings and carved stone detail for construction.

Giuliano showed early promise, and his father hoped at first to make of him a notary, but his talent for sculpture and design won out.

His first designs were for the intarsia inlay in the fittings for the New Sacristy of the Duomo, Florence, carried out in collaboration with his younger brother Benedetto in 1463-1465, where Giuliano carved the wooden bas-reliefs of putti and garlands in the frieze, and for works in Palazzo Vecchio in collaboration with Benedetto, notably the ceiling in octagonal compartments and the white marble doorcase in Benedetto's Sala d'Audienza intarsia in the Sala dei Dugento (1472–1477) and in the Sala del Giglio.

As an architect he is virtually the house architect for the Pazzi, rebuilding Palazzo Pazzi (1462–1472), the main seat of the family, for Jacopo de' Pazzi.

For the Strozzi, at the Palazzo dello Strozzino he had added a piano nobile around 1456 in the manner of Palazzo Medici-Riccardi to a ground floor that had been begun by Michelozzo; he is also often credited with Palazzo Antinori (1465–1469).

Melozzo, now in his late thirties, goes from Urbino to Rome, where in 1477 he paints the fresco “Pope Sixtus IV Naming Platina Prefect of the Vatican Library.”

The so-called Ecclesiastical Schools of Zaragoza had later consolidated into the School of Zaragoza.

References from 1335 indicate there was a School of Arts (known as liberal arts, since the classics included in the "trivium and "quadrivium" were taught there).

The cultural activities and endeavors of the leaders of Zaragoza had obtained authorization from Pope Sixtus IV in 1474 and, at the petition of Ferdinand, heir to the Aragonese throne, it had been made a General School of Arts.

Coinciding with the introduction of the printing press, evidence of an interest in knowledge, ratification of the General School of Arts had been obtained from King John II in 1476.

Thus the Aragonese capital can now grant the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

In 1477, the Rector Pedro de la Cabra and a representative of the town council prepares the school’s first bylaws.