The first set-piece battle between the romanized…

Emperor Taiwu, with only Cui Hao in support and most other officials opposing, launches a major attack on the Rouran in 429. (The officials who oppose this largely worry that Emperor Wen of Liu Song, who had for years wanted to regain the provinces south of the Yellow River that Emperor Mingyuan captured in 422 and 423, would attack.)

Emperor Taiwu points out that even if Liu Song could attack, it becomes even more crucial to defeat the Rouran first, lest that the Rouran attack at the same time that Liu Song does.

He surprises Yujiulü Datan, whose people scatter, forcing him to flee.

However, as he chases Yujiulü Datan, he himself becomes hesitant to advance further, and he withdraws.

Only later does he hear that he was in fact very close to Yujiulü Datan's position and could have captured the Rouran khan had he chased further, and he regrets his withdrawal.

On the way back, he also attacks Gaoche tribes, and along with the Rouran tribes that he captures, resettles them south of the Gobi Desert and has them practice agriculture.

From this point on, Northern Wei's northern provinces will become rich and no longer lack livestock and leather.

He greatly rewards Cui, and from this point accepts Cui's advice at all times.

Emperor Theodosius II starts to reform the Codex Theodosianus in Constantinople, establishing a committee to codify all Roman laws.

All funds raised by Jews to support schools has to be turned over to the state treasury.

Theodosius in 429 confiscates the patriarchal funds, donated by Diaspora Jews to support scholarship and held in trust by the patriarchate.

Aetius defeats the Visigoths at Arles, forcing them to return to Aquitaine.

The withdrawal of troops in 410 had marked the end of Roman Britain, for the central government never reestablished control, but for a generation there has been little other outward change.

Power has fallen gradually into the hands of tyrants, chief among whom is Vortigern, who, though the subject of many legends, may probably be safely regarded as an actual historical figure. (Unlike earlier usurpers, Vortigern makes no attempt to become Roman emperor but is content with power in Britain.)

Independence is producing separate interests in the island.

Christianity has made considerable headway by this date, but the leaders follow the heretical teaching of Pelagius, himself a Briton, who had emphasized the importance of the human will over divine grace in the achievement of salvation. (Some scholars maintain that the self-reliance shown in the maintenance of national independence is inspired by this philosophy.)

Yet, there is also a powerful Roman Catholic party anxious to reforge the links with Rome, in support of whom Germanus of Auxerre visits Britain in 429 at the behest of Pope Celestine, who has charged Germanus with the elimination of the Pelagianist heresy in Britain.

It may be partly to thwart the plans of this party that Vortigern makes the mistake of inviting Saxons to settle and garrison strategic areas of the east coast—in about 430; the date given by the Anglo-Saxon Benedictine scholar Bede (died 735) is between 446 and 454—though he certainly also has in mind the need to ward off seaborne raids by Picts, which at this time are troublesome.

The Japanese imperial court appoints the first historiographers around 430.

Feng Ba, formally Wencheng, an emperor (but using the title "Heavenly Prince": Tian Wang) of the Chinese state Northern Yan, had become emperor after Gao Yun (Emperor Huiyi), whom he supported in a 407 coup that overthrew Murong Xi of Later Yan, was assassinated in 409.

During his reign, Northern Yan has largely maintained its territorial integrity but made no headway against the much stronger rival Northern Wei.

He is said to have had more than 100 sons.

In 426, Feng Ba's crown prince Feng Yong dies, and he creates another son, Feng Yi, crown prince.

Seriously ill in 430, Feng Ba issues an edict transferring authority to Feng Yi.

However, Feng Ba's favorite concubine Consort Song wants to have her son Feng Shouju inherit the throne, and therefore tells Feng Yi that Feng Ba will soon recover and that he should not be so anxious to take over authority; Feng Yi agrees and withdraws to his palace.

Consort Song then falsely issues orders in Feng Ba's name cutting off communications with the outside, and Feng Yi and Feng Ba's other sons, as well as imperial officials, are not allowed to see Feng Ba.

Only one of her trusted officials, Hu Fu, is able to enter the palace to be in charge of security.

However, Hu is secretly resentful of Consort Song's ambitions, and he informs Feng Ba’s brother Feng Hong, who is prime minister, of her intentions.

Feng Hong immediately attacks the palace and seizes control.

Feng Ba, hearing of this, dies in shock.

Feng Hong now takes the throne himself as Emperor Zhaocheng and, after defeating Feng Yi's troops, slaughters all of Feng Ba's sons.

Liu Song launches a major attack in spring 430, and Emperor Taiwu, judging his own defenses south of the Yellow River to be unable to withstand a Liu Song attack, withdraws them north, judging correctly that Liu Song forces would stop at the Yellow River, planning to counterattack in the winter after the river freezes.

Meanwhile, Emperor Taiwu, hearing that Liu Song and Xia had subsequently entered into a treaty to attack him and divide Northern Wei lands, judges correctly that despite the treaty Liu Song has no intention of crossing the Yellow River north, and he decides to destroy Xia once and for all.

In fall 430, he makes a surprise attack on the new Xia capital Pingliang (in modern Pingliang), while Helian Ding is engaging Western Qin's prince Qifu Mumo, putting Pingliang under siege, but although he now sends Helian Chang to Pingliang to try to persuade its defender, Helian Shegan, younger brother to both Helian Chang and Helian Ding, to surrender, Pingliang will not fall quickly.

However, the Northern Wei general Tuxi Bi engages Helian Ding as Helian Ding is trying to relieve Pingliang, defeats him and surrounds him at the Chungu Plains (also in modern Pingliang).

Northern Wei forces surrounds him, and his army becomes hungry and thirsty.

After several days, he forcibly fights his way out of the siege, but his forces mostly collapse, and he himself is badly injured.

He gathers the remaining forces and flees to …

…Shanggui.

Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar Buddhaghosa (Pali: Voice of the Buddha) translates extensive Sinhala commentaries on the Pāli Buddhist texts in Pāli.

Scholars do not agree about Buddhaghosa's birthplace, but it is known that he traveled to Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, where he discovered many Sinhalese Buddhist commentaries; these he translated into Pali and communicated to his countrymen.

Certain commentaries are also attributed to him, including one on the Vinaya and one on the Dhammapada that includes 305 stories for context.

His Visuddhimagga (Pali: Path of Purification), a comprehensive manual of Theravada Buddhism, is divided into sections on Sila (ethics), Samadhi (meditation), and Prajna (wisdom).

This is a traditional division in Buddhist teachings, which suggest that ethics are essential to meditation, and that meditation is essential to developing wisdom.

From the Buddhist point of view this is the "path of purification" because it purifies the mind of the defilements of greed, hatred, and delusion.

Written approximately in 430 CE in Sri Lanka, it is considered the most important Theravada text outside of the Tipitaka canon of scriptures (it is still read and studied today).

The Visuddhimagga is based on the Rathavinitasutta, which describes the progression from the purity of discipline to the nibbana, comprising seven steps.