The Frankish Expansion and the Birth of…

Daxi and Qiudun Dui, in trying to capture Helian Chang in 428, instead become trapped by Helian Chang in the city of Anding (in modern Pingliang, Gansu).

However, Daxi's subordinates Weichi Juan and Anchi Jia make a surprise attack and capture Helian Chang.

Helian Ding ssumes the imperial throne of Xia.

Meanwhile, Emperor Taiwu treats Helian Chang as an honored guest, supplying Helian Chang with the same supplies that he himself uses, and he marries his sister Princess Shiping to Helian Chang and creates him the Duke of Kuaiji; he also greatly rewards Weichi and Anchi and creates them dukes.

Daxi, humiliated that his subordinates had captured Helian Chang and he himself appears helpless, aggressively pursues Helian Ding, but instead is defeated and captured by him.

In fear, Qiudun and Tuoba Li, the Prince of Gaoliang, abandon Chang'an as well and flee to Puban, allowing Xia to recapture Chang'an.

Qiudun has been a high level official for Emperor Taiwu since the days that he was crown prince, but the emperor, in anger, has Anchi execute Qiudun and take over his position.

He leaves Helian Ding alone for the time being, while preparing an assault on the Rouran instead, as the Rouran had been harassing the northern border region.

Theologians of the Antiochene school stress the humanity of Jesus Christ; the Alexandrian, his deity.

Theodore of Mopsuestia argues that Christ's human nature was complete but was conjoined with the Word by an external union.

Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople from 428, opposes the Alexandrian use of the title “Theotokos, meaning "God bearer," or "Mother of God," for Mary.

Mary, in Nestorius' view, was the mother of Christ only in his humanity.

Nestorius teaches that the divine Jesus is separate from the human Jesus; in refusing to recognize Mary as the Mother of God, he holds that Jesus' divine portion emanated not from Mary but from God the Father.

He teaches that Mary be considered only the "mother of Christ" and not the "mother of God.

Attacks by allies of the Romans have dissipated the strength of the Alani and Silingi Vandals, making the Asdingi Vandals under King Gunderic the ascendant group in Hispania.

Gunderic has established his people in the Roman province of Baetica, the part of Spain now known as Andalusia. (Thus, some scholars state that this name is derived from "Vandalusia" because it was once ruled by the Vandals.)

The Vandals have begun to clash more and more with the Visigoths, often getting the worse of these battles because the Visigoths are so much more numerous.

Attaces, the king of the Alans, with whom the Vandals had crossed the Pyrenees from Gaul, had fallen in battle against the Visigoths around 426, and most of the surviving Alans had appealed to Gunderic.

Accepting their crown, he thus became King of the Vandals and Alans.

He dies in early 428; his half-brother Genseric, an Arian Christian, is elected as his successor.

Genseric, who seems to have started building a Vandal fleet even before being raised to kinghood, is so hard pressed by the Visigoths that he abandons Baetica in May and transports all his people, to Africa, evidently on the invitation of Bonifacius.

It is more likely that the Vandals are attracted to Africa by its wealth and need no such formal excuse.

The effect of the Donatist controversy on the economy and administration of the African provinces cannot be measured, but it is certainly profound.

At the very moment of the effective victory of the African church, the rest of the Roman Empire is crumbling to ruin.

The retention of Africa becomes ever more vital to the survival of what is left of imperial authority.

In this situation, the comites Africae are increasingly tempted to intrigue for their own advantage.

The indicted Bonifacius, rather than surrender to probable execution, calls in the support of Vandal mercenaries from their grazing grounds in Hispania.

The Vandals and Alans numbered eighty thousand when they moved to North Africa, according to assertions by the historian Procopius.

Peter Heather will therefore estimate that they could have fielded an army of around fifteen thousand to twenty thousand, although numbers are unknown and some historians debate the validity of estimates.

According to Procopius, the Vandals came to Africa at the request of Bonifacius, who wished to use the military strength of the Vandals in his struggle against the imperial government.

However, it has been suggested that the Vandals migrated to Africa in search of safety; they had been attacked by a Roman army in 422 and had failed to seal a treaty with them.

The motley army of invaders comprises a mixed group of “barbarians” and adventurers searching for a home.

Most of those Alani who had not settled in Orléans and Valence go to North Africa with the Vandals, causing the official title of the Vandal kings in Africa to be “kings of the Vandals and the Alani.”

...Chlodio establishes his residence in Tournai, marking the first step toward the emergence of an independent Frankish state. From his base, he extends Frankish control south to the River Somme, further entrenching his rule over lands that had long been part of the Western Roman Empire.

This Frankish expansion reshapes the political map of northern Gaul, establishing the early foundations of what will become Francia—the heartland of the future Frankish Kingdom. While still a loose confederation of Salic Frankish tribes, this territorial consolidation signals the beginning of Frankish dominance in post-Roman Gaul, a legacy that will eventually culminate in the rule of the Merovingians and later the Carolingians, shaping the course of medieval European history.

The Kentish coastline is part of what is known in Late Roman times as the litus saxonicum or Saxon Shore.

After the evacuation of the last Roman legions from Britain, the local tradition reported much later that a number of Jutish ships made landfall in Britain.

The British ruling council offered them payment in return for foederati service defending the realm in the north from the incursions of Picts and Scots.

According to legend, they were promised provisions and offered the island of Ruoihm (as originally spelt by Nennius)—now known as the Isle of Thanet—in perpetuity to use as a base for their operations.

It is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles that their leader, Hengist advised: Take my advice and you will never fear conquest from any man or any people, for my people are strong. I will invite my son and his cousin to fight against the Irish [the Scoti], for they are fine warriors.

The Jutes appear to have assaulted the enemy and brought much needed relief to the beleaguered Romano-British communities of the north.

The British king Vortigern according to Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful Historia Regum Britanniae married Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, with the civitas of the Cantiaci (Kent) as the bride-gift.