The nearly impregnable Masada resists Roman attempts…

Krushevan and other leaders of the Union of the Russian People, on learning of the Tsar's acceptance of the Protocols' authenticity, approach the newly appointed Interior Minister, the conservative Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, with a suggestion to make wide use of The Protocols in the fight against Jewish enemies of the autocracy.

Stolypin, though a hard man with little sympathy for the Jews, is a clear thinking pragmatist.

On reading The Protocols, the "originals" of which are written in excellent French, he sees immediately that the book is a patent hoax, and places urgent and highly confidential orders with the Okhrana to discover its origin.

Senior police investigators discover that the actual authors of The Protocols are operatives of the Okhrana field headquarters in Paris set up by Pyotr Rachkovsky.

Because many of the Russian émigré revolutionaries are Jews, Rachkovsky's anti-Semitic propaganda finds fertile soil in France.

The details of the investigation are known to very few people to avoid compromising Rachkovsky's network of agents.

Tsar Nicholas, while displeased to learn that The Protocols are a fake, makes this character-revealing note about Nilus's book: "The Protocols should be confiscated, a good cause cannot be defended by dirty means".

Prime Minister Stolypin persuades Nicholas II to establish a second Duma, which has far less power, in 1907.

Soon afterward, Stolypin strengthens the anti-Semitic Union of the Russian People and the Black Hundreds.

The Jewish Bund, having rejoined the Social Democrats in 1906, generally supports the Mensheviks, the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, which had evolved after 1903 into a separate organization.

The Russian government continues to view Jews with disdain: ...

One Professor Sikowsky, a Russian neurologist, "proves" that Jews use Christian blood for ritual purposes.

In the most infamous recurrence of the blood libel in modern times, the tsarist government, with church complicity, seeks unsuccessfully to convict Mendel Beilis, a Jewish bookkeeper in Odessa accused of ritual murder in 1911.

A Christian boy had been found dead near a brick factory in which Beilis worked; the only evidence is the word of a drunken couple who claim they had seen a man with a black beard walking with the child.

The Russian government actively takes up the case after the assassination in Kiev, on September 14, 1911, of conservative statesman P. A. Stolypin by a Jewish revolutionist, Dmitry Bogrov.