The Safavis, under their leader Ismail, seize power in Tabriz, which becomes their capital, in 1501.

Ismail is proclaimed shah of Iran.

The rise of the Safavis marks the reemergence in Iran of a powerful central authority within geographical boundaries attained by former Iranian empires.

The Safavis declare Shia Islam the state religion and use proselytizing and force to convert the large majority of Muslims in Iran to the Shia sect.

Iran is a theocracy under the early Safavis.

Ismail's followers venerate him as the murshid-kamil, the perfect guide, who combines in his person both temporal and spiritual authority.

In the new state, he is represented in both these functions by the vakil, an official who acts as a kind of alter ego.

The sadr heads the powerful religious organization; the vizier, the bureaucracy; and the amir alumara, the fighting forces.

These forces, the Qizilbash, come primarily from the seven Turkic-speaking tribes that had supported the Safavi bid for power.