Renewed War in 1195: Philip II’s Deception…

Judah ben Samuel settles in Regensburg, where he founds a yeshiva (academy) and gathers such disciples as the mystic angelologist Eleazar ben Judah of Worms (also a member of the Kalonymos family) and the codifiers Isaac ben Moses of Vienna and Baruch ben Samuel of Mainz.

A founder of the fervent, ultrapious movement of German Hasidism, Judah is also the principal author of the ethical treatise Sefer Hasidim.

(Published in Bologna in 1538, it is possibly the most important extant document of medieval Judaism and a major work of Jewish literature.)

The leaders of the movement are Samuel ben Kalonymos, the Hasid; his son, the semilegendary pietist Judah ben Samuel, the Hasid of Regensburg; and Eleazar ben Judah.

Henry the Lion, who had fallen ill, dies in 1195, leaving only Brunswick as a base for the Welf family, having lost the rest of his lands in his quarrels with the Hohenstaufens.

A funeral sermon in Hungarian from about 1195 is the oldest surviving significant text written in a Uralic language.

Ladislas, the late-eleventh-century Hungarian king, is canonized in 1192.

No other Hungarian king is held in such high esteem.

The whole nation had mourned for him for three years, and regarded him as a saint long before his canonization.

A whole cycle of legends is associated with his name.

After his canonization, Ladislaus will become the model of the chivalrous king in Hungary.

Armenia is more closely involved in Latin politics, partly because of marriage alliances with the house of Antioch-Tripoli.

In 1194, Leo II had seized the castle of Bagras, on the northern border of the Principality of Antioch, which had been captured by Saladin in 1189.

Bohémond III of Antioch and the Knights Templar, its original owners, had demanded its return.

Levon had lured Bohémond to Bagras under pretense of a parley, captured him, and imprisoned him in Sis.

Under duress, Bohémond had been compelled to cede the Principality to Leo.

Bohémond had subsequently been released through the mediation of Henry II of Champagne, but had been forced to abandon all claims to the suzerainity of Armenia.

In addition, the two enter into a marital alliance in 1195.

Bohémond's son Raymond marries Alice of Armenia, the daughter of the late Ruben III, for whom his brother Levon had initially served as 'Regent and Tutor.'

Qutb-ud-din Aibak takes the Rajput fortress of Gwalior for the Ghurids in 1195.

Stephen Nemanja, having thrown off Constantinople’s domination, lays the foundation for medieval Serbia by the conquest of …

…Skopje, …

…Tetovo, and …

…Prizren.

Although he is again defeated, Nemanja retains Prizren, …

…Kosovo, …