Hapiru, or Habiru

Habiru or Apiru or ˁpr.w (Egyptian) is the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, between 1800 BCE and 1100 BCE) to a group of people living as nomadic invaders in areas of the Fertile Crescent from Northeastern Mesopotamia and Iran to the borders of Egypt in Canaan.

Depending on the source and epoch, these Habiru are variously described as nomadic or semi-nomadic, rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, and bowmen, servants, slaves, migrant laborers, etc.The names Habiru and Apiru are used in Akkadian cuneiform texts.

The corresponding name in the Egyptian script appears to be ʕpr.w, conventionally pronounced Apiru (W,or u-vowel "quail-chick" being used as the Egyptian plural suffix).

In Mesopotamian records they are also identified by the Sumerian logogram SA.GAZ, of unknown pronunciation.

The name Habiru was also found in the Amarna letters, which again include many names of Canaanite peoples written in Akkadian.

The Amarna letters written to Egyptian pharaohs in the 14th century BEC document a time of unrest in Canaan that goes back before the battle of Kadesh to the time of Thutmose I.

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