Taras (Dorian Greek) city-state of

Taras (modern Taranto) is founded in 706 BCE by Dorian immigrants as the only Spartan colony, and its origin is peculiar: the founders are Partheniae, sons of unmarried Spartan women and perioeci (free men, but not citizens of Sparta); these unions were decreed by the Spartans to increase the number of soldiers (only the citizens of Sparta could become soldiers) during the bloody Messenian wars, but later they were nullified, and the sons forced to leave.

According to the legend Phalanthus, the Parthenian leader, went to Delphi to consult the oracle and received the puzzling answer that he should found a city where rain fell from a clear sky.

After all attempts to capture a suitable place to found a colony failed, he became despondent, convinced that the oracle had told him something that was impossible, and was consoled by his wife.

She laid his head in her lap and herself became disconsolate.

When Phalanthus felt her tears splash onto his forehead he at last grasped the meaning of the oracle, for his wife's name meant clear sky.

The harbor of Taranto in Apulia is nearby and he decides this must be the new home for the exiles.

The Partheniae arrive and establish the city, naming it Taras after the son of the Greek sea god, Poseidon, and the local nymph Satyrion.

A variation says Taras was founded in 707 BC by some Spartans, who, the sons of free women and enslaved fathers, were born during the Messenian War.

According to other sources, Heracles founded the city.

Another tradition indicates Taras himself as the founder of the city; the symbol of the Greek city (as well as of the modern city) is Taras riding a dolphin.

Taras increases its power, becoming a commercial power and a sovereign city of Magna Graecia, ruling over the Greek colonies in southern Italy.