The Seljuq Sultanate of Iconium's army and…

Iltutmish, ruler of the Delhi sultanate, defeats his last rival, Nasir ud-Din, forcing him from Lahore and …

Another Mongol force had invaded Kashmir some time after 1235, stationing a darughachi (administrative governor) there for several years, and Kashmir had become a Mongolian dependency.

Around the same time, a Kashmiri Buddhist master, Otochi, and his brother Namo had arrived at the court of the Great Khan Ögedei.

Another Mongol general named Pakchak had attacked Peshawar and defeated the army of tribes who had deserted Jalal ad-Din but were still a threat to the Mongols.

These men, mostly Turkic, had escaped to Multan and had been recruited into the army of the Delhi Sultanate.

The elite group of forty nobles named Chihalgani ("the Forty") have become disorderly during the reign of the sixth sultan, Muiz-ud-din Bahram, and constantly bicker among themselves.

It is during this period of unrest that the Mongols invade the Indus valley and besiege Lahore in winter 1241.

General Dayir is killed while storming the town.

On receiving news of the death of the Great Khan Ögedei, the Mongols under Munggetu butcher the entire population of the city on December 30, 1241, before withdrawing from the Delhi Sultanate.

There are today no buildings or monuments in Lahore that predate the Mongol destruction.

The Mongols suddenly appear a few months later in the Punjab under the leadership of Ali Beg and Tartaq, and ...

The Mongols return to India again in 1306, crossing the Indus near Multan and moving towards the Himalayas when Ghazi Malik (who is now the governor of the Punjab) intercepts them.

About fifty thousand Mongols are made prisoners, including Kubak, their leader.

Alauddin Khilji puts them all to death and sells their wives and children as slaves.

The last Mongol invasion of India takes place in 1307-1308 under Iqbalmand, who had just about managed to cross the Indus when Ala-ud-Din Khilji’s armies overtake them and put them all to the sword.

The Mongols will not attack India again after 1308.

There are a number of reasons for this: principal among these is that during their earlier descent from the mountains into the Indus plains, the Mongols had become aware of their handicap in an environment of higher temperatures and humidity, coupled with their lack of dexterity in riding horses at the speeds they are comfortable at in higher and drier areas.

Timur’s army, on their return from the conquest of Delhi, had ravaged the countryside along their route and laid waste to Lahore before recrossing the Indus.

Babur’s aim has only been to expand his rule to Punjab, mainly to fulfill his ancestor Timur's legacy, since it used to be part of his empire.

At this time parts of north India are under the rule of Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty, but the empire is crumbling and there are many defectors.

Receiving invitations from Daulat Khan Lodi, Governor of Punjab and Ala-ud-Din, uncle of Ibrahim, he sends an ambassador to Ibrahim, claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne of the country: however,the ambassador is detained at Lahore and released months later.

Babur starts for Lahore, Punjab, in 1524 but finds that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi.

When Babur arrives at Lahore, the Lodi army marches out and his army is routed.

In response, Babur burns Lahore for two days, then…

Akbar's methods of administration reinforce his power against two possible sources of challenge—the Afghan-Turkish aristocracy and the traditional interpreters of Islamic law, the ulama.

He creates a ranked imperial service based on ability rather than birth, whose members are obliged to serve wherever required.

They are remunerated with cash rather than land and are kept away from their inherited estates, thus centralizing the imperial power base and ensuring its supremacy.

The military and political functions of the imperial service are separate from those of revenue collection, which is supervised by the imperial treasury.

This system of administration, known as the mansabdari, is based on loyal service and cash payments and is the backbone of the Mughal Empire; its effectiveness depends on personal loyalty to the emperor and his ability and willingness to choose, remunerate, and supervise.

The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore epitomizes the beauty, passion and grandeur of the Mughal era.

Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal Emperor, who has assumed the title 'Alamgir', meaning 'Conqueror of the World,’ had in 1671 ordered its construction.

Completed in April 1673, the huge mosque closely resembles that of the slightly smaller Jama Mosque in Delhi, which had been built in 1648 by Aurangzeb's father and predecessor, Shah Jahan.

The design of the mosque—bold, vast and majestic in its expression—is inspired by Islamic, Persian, Central Asian and Indian influences.

Capable of accommodating ten thousand worshipers in its main prayer hall and a further one hundred thousand in its courtyard and porticoes, it will remain the largest mosque in the world for a period of three hundred and thirteen years years, until overtaken in size in 1986 by the completion of the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad.

Today, it remains the second largest mosque in Pakistan and South Asia and the fifth largest mosque in the world after the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca, the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina, the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca and the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad.

The Badshahi Mosque is today Lahore's most famous landmark and a major tourist attraction.

...advancing into the Punjab and capturing Lahore.

Nadir advances to the river Indus before the end of year as the Mughals muster their army against him.