Frederick II enacts for Lombardy in 1224…

The Seljuq Sultanate of Iconium's army and fleet from Sinope in Anatolia hold and fortify Sudak in 1224 following the Mongol attack.

Andrew issues the Diploma Andreanum, which unifies and ensures the special privileges of the Transylvanian Saxons, in 1224.

It is considered the oldest Autonomy law in the world.

Andrew in the same year expels the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania because they have ignored his overlordship.

The struggle for the Nicaean throne ends with the Battle of Poimanenon, fought in the winter of 1223/1224, in which John’s opponents, the two Lascaris brothers, are defeated and blinded in spite of the support they had acquired from the Latin Empire of Constantinople.

This victory opens the way for the recovery of most of the Latin possessions in Asia.

The Latin Empire, distracted by the growing power of Nicaea, cannot stop Theodore from capturing Thessalonica in 1224.

Frederick II founds the University of Naples, the first European state university, in 1224.

It is today the most ancient state-supported institution of higher education and research in the world.

Fredrick II has precise objectives in founding the university in Naples: first, to train administrative and skilled bureaucratic professionals for the curia regis (the kingdom's ministries and governing apparatus), also, it is necessary to prepare lawyers and judges who will help the sovereign to draft laws and administer justice.

Secondly, he wants to facilitate the cultural development of promising young students and scholars, avoiding any unnecessary and expensive trips abroad (by creating a State University, emperor Frederick avoids having young students during his reign complete their training at the University of Bologna, which is in a city that is hostile to the imperial power.

The Juyan Lake Basin lies along the route of the Northern Silk Road, which is about twenty-six hundred kilometers in length, connecting the ancient Chinese capital of Xian to the west over the Pamir Mountains to emerge in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia.

According to C. Michael Hogan, this route greatly expanded in its usage after the Han Dynasty pushed back the northern tribes in the latter part of the first millennium BCE.

Khara-Koto, a city in what is today western Inner Mongolia, near the Juyan Lake, had been founded in 1032 and had become a thriving center of Tangut trade in the eleventh century.

There are remains today of thirty-foot-high ramparts and two-foot-thick outer walls—as much as forty-five yards to a side.

The walled fortress is taken by Genghis Khan in 1225, but—contrary to a widely circulated misunderstanding—the city will continue to flourish under Mongol overlordship.

Andrew concludes a peace with Duke Leopold VI of Austria on June 6, 1225.

The foreign settlers in Transylvania include people from as far off as Flanders; and even Teutonic Knights returned from Palestine, who in 1211 had established the town of Kronstadt, Hungarian Brassó, now (Brasov, Romania), before a conflict with the king prompts their departure for the Baltic region in 1225.

Hungary's kings reinforce the loyalty of foreign settlers by granting them land, commercial privileges, and considerable autonomy.

Nobility is restricted to Roman Catholics and, while some Transylvanian noblemen have converted to the Roman rite to preserve their privileges, most of the Orthodox Transylvanians have become serfs.

The crusaders of the Latin Empire of Constantinople had been decisively defeated by the Bulgarian Emperor Kaloyan in the battle of Adrianople (1205).

In 1225, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, self-proclaimed despot of Epirus, proclaims himself emperor in a direct challenge to the identical claim of Nicaean emperor John III.

Nicaean forces dispatched by John to fight Epirus lose at Adrianople in Thrace, and Theodore takes possession of the city.

Jalal ad-Din Mengübirti, son of the defeated Shah of Khwarezm, had spent three years in exile in India before returning to Persia, gathering an army, and reestablishing a kingdom.

occupying dominions formerly controlled by a brother in western Mesopotamia.

He will never be able to consolidate his power, however, and will spend the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the Seljuqs of Rum.

He loses his power over Persia in a battle against the Mongols in the Alborz mountains and flees to the Caucasus, to capture Azerbaijan in 1225, setting up his capital at Tabriz.