Heraclianus arrives in Italy in early 413…

King Fan Hu Ta of Champa had gone on a military campaign up north in 399 and had succeeded in capturing the Vietnamese provinces of Nhat Nam (region) and Cuu Chan.

He has continued his temple-building campaign as well, building Cham towers along the coast up north.

From 405 to 413, he has continuously battled the Chinese governor Do Tue.

However, at their last confrontation, Fan Hu Ta disappears without a trace after being defeated by the governor.

Liu Bobo finally resolves by 413 to build a capital—one that he wants to make absolutely impenetrable.

He commissions his cruel general Chigan Ali as the chief architect of the capital, which he names Tongwan—because, as he states, he wants to unite China and be the lord of ten thousand states.

("Tong" means "unite," while "wan" means ten thousand.)

Chigan orders that the soil used in constructing the wall be steamed, so that it will be hardened and difficult to attack, and he often tests the walls during its construction; if an iron wedge were able to insert even one inch deep into the wall, the workmen who were in charge of that section of wall would be executed, and their bodies would be stuffed into the wall.

Further, Liu Bobo himself ordered that when weapons and armors are made, that some of the metalsmiths would be executed—because his orders were, for example, that arrows should be shot at armor; if the arrows could penetrate the armor, the smiths who forged the armor would be executed, and if the arrows could not penetrate the armos, then the smiths who made the arrows would be executed.

As a result of this bloodshed, however, Tongwan becomes a highly defensible city, and the weapons and armors that he has are all of exceedingly high quality.

Also in 413, Liu Bobo believes that his family name should be changed—since his ancestors took on the Liu family name from the Han Dynasty imperial house, believing that one of their female ancestors was a Han princess, but Liu Bobo believes this to be improper.

He therefore changes his family name to Helian—intending it to mean that his might is so great that it would, alas be connected to the heavens.

He also orders the nobles to change their family name to Tiefa, intending it to mean that they are as strong as iron (tiě) and be able to attack (fá) others.

Constantinople has begun to outgrow the bounds set by Constantine the Great, so the able Anthemius, praetorian prefect of the East and regent for Theodosius II, had initiated the construction of a new wall farther inland at the hilt of the peninsula, about fifteen hundred to the west of the old, which stretches for six and a half kilometers between the Sea of Marmara and the suburb of Blachernae near the Golden Horn.

The impregnable wall is finished in 413 and almost doubles the size of the city.

The one work of Anthemius' that is still standing today is the main wall of the Theodosian Walls.

Chandragupta II controls a vast empire, from the mouth of the Ganges to the mouth of the Indus River and from what is now North Pakistan down to the mouth of the Narmada.

Pataliputra continues to be the capital of his huge empire but …

…Ujjain too becomes a sort of second capital.

The large number of beautiful gold coins issued by the Gupta dynasty are a testament to the imperial grandeur of that age.

Chandragupta II also started producing silver coins in the Saka tradition.

He is succeeded in 413 by his second son, Kumaragupta I, born of Mahadevi Dhruvasvamini.

Augustine, bishop of Hippo, declares that the fate of the Jews is to be downtrodden and dispersed, and that “the true image of the Hebrew is Judas Iscariot, who sells the Lord for silver.

The Jew can never understand the Scriptures and forever will bear the guilt for the death of Jesus.” (Parenti, Michael, History as Mystery City Lights Books, San Francisco, 1999, pp.

107, note 112) Responding to pagan philosopher Volusanius' contention that the adoption of Christianity by Emperor Constantine has led to the Visigoths' recent sack of Rome, Augustine begins work in 413 on a philosophical treatise, which will eventually be titled The City of God.

The Burgundians, who had been the allies of Jovinus, prove too powerful to deal with militarily, and are therefore granted the right to form their own kingdom within the empire, considered federates (foederati) who will act as allies to the emperor.

Ataulf has spent the past few years operating in the Gallic and Spanish countrysides, diplomatically playing competing factions of German and Roman commanders against one another to skillful effect.

The Visigoths, a nation of fewer than two hundred and fifty thousand, soon return to fighting the Romans, attacking Marseille and taking over such cities as …

…Toulouse and …

…the flourishing port of Narbonne.