By October 1449, the majority of Normandy…

By October 1449, the majority of Normandy was firmly back under French control.

Central to these successes were the innovative siege tactics and artillery strategies implemented by Jean and Gaspard Bureau. Advancing rapidly northward and eastward through Normandy, the Bureau brothers directed the decisive siege and capture of Rouen, Normandy’s capital and symbolic heart of English authority in northern France. Their successful use of gunpowder artillery ensured that Rouen's fall represented not only a significant strategic victory but also a dramatic demonstration of evolving military technology and tactics.

The fall of Rouen and the swift retaking of Normandy effectively reversed decades of English occupation, dramatically altering the balance of power in Atlantic West Europe. These events underscored the growing strength and organizational effectiveness of Charles VII's military reforms, demonstrating the decisive role played by artillery in reshaping late medieval warfare and consolidating French royal authority.