The Christian states in Iberia had become…

The Christian states in Iberia had become too well organized by the beginning of the thirteenth century to be overrun by the Muslims, and the Almohads, a Berber Muslim dynasty founded in the twelfth century that had conquered all northern Africa as far as Libya, together with Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia), had made no permanent advance against them.

The fourth Almohad caliph, after an initially successful advance north, had been defeated in 1212 by an alliance of the four Christian rulers of Castile, Aragón, Navarre and Portugal.

Almohad dominance thus destroyed, nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia had been lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of Córdoba and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively.

All that remains is the Moorish state of Granada, which, following an internal Muslim revolt in 1232, has survived as a tributary state of the Christian kingdoms on Iberia's southern periphery; its ruler pays an annual tribute to Castile.