British Isles, Neolithic

The Neolithic British Isles refers to the period of British, Irish and Manx history that spans from circa 4000 to circa 2,500 BCE.

The final part of the Stone Age in the British Isles, it is a part of the greater Neolithic, or "New Stone Age", across Europe.During the preceding Mesolithic period, the inhabitants of the British Isles had been nomadic hunter-gatherers, but around 4000 BCE new ideas arrive in the islands from continental Europe.

These ideas are soon adopted by the natives, leading to a radical transformation of society and landscape that has been called the Neolithic Revolution.

The Neolithic period in the British Isles is characterized by the adoption of agriculture and sedentary living, leading to the gradual decline of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

To make room for the new farmland, these early agricultural communities undertake mass deforestation across the islands, dramatically and permanently transforming the landscape.

At the same time, new types of stone tools requiring more skill begin to be produced; new technologies include polishing.The Neolithic also sees the construction of a wide variety of monuments in the landscape, many of which are megalithic in nature.

The earliest of these are the chambered tombs of the Early Neolithic, although in the Late Neolithic this form of monumentalization is replaced by the construction of stone circles, a trend that will continue into the following Bronze Age.

These constructions are taken to reflect ideological changes, with new ideas about religion, ritual and social hierarchy.Neolithic Irish and British people were not literate, leaving behind no written record that modern historians can study, and all that is known about this time period comes from archaeological investigations.

This investigation began amongst the antiquarians of the 18th century, intensified in the 19th when John Lubbock coined the term "Neolithic".

In the 20th and 21st centuries, further excavation and synthesis went ahead, dominated by figures like V. Gordon Childe, Stuart Piggott, Julian Thomas and Richard Bradley.

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