Portuguese Expansion in Brazil and the Return…

Babur had tried to reclaim Fergana but lost it as well.

Escaping with a small band of followers, he wanders to the mountains of central Asia and takes refuge with hill tribes.

Thus, during the ten years since becoming the ruler of Fergana, Babur has suffered many short-lived victories and has often been without shelter and in exile, aided by friends and peasants.

He finally stays in Tashkent, which is ruled by his maternal uncle.

Babur will later write, "During my stay in Tashkent, I endured much poverty and humiliation.

No country, or hope of one!"

By 1502, Babur has resigned all hopes of recovering Fergana: left with nothing, he is forced to try his luck someplace else.

Ivan the Young, Ivan's son with Maria of Tver, had died in 1490, leaving from his marriage with Helen of Moldavia an only child, Dmitry the Grandson.

The latter had been crowned as successor by his grandfather on February 15, 1498, but Ivan later reverts his decision in favor of Sophia's elder son Vasily, who is ultimately crowned co-regent with his father on April 14, 1502).

The decision is dictated by the crisis connected with the Sect of Skhariya the Jew, as well as by the imperial prestige of Sophia's descendants.

Dmitry the Grandson is put into prison, where he will die, unmarried and childless, in 1509, already under the rule of his uncle.

The Grand Duke is increasingly aloof from his boyars, who are no longer consulted on affairs of state.

The old patriarchal systems of government have vanished.

The sovereign has become sacrosanct, while the boyars are reduced to dependency on the will of the sovereign.

The boyars naturally resent this revolution and struggle against it.

Norway allies with Sweden in 1502 in the escalating Danish-Swedish War, but the cruel treatment of captured Norwegian rebels by King John’s son Christian frightens the country into submission.

Leading the Danes into Sweden, Christian seizes two fortresses in Västergötland and slaughters their defenders.

Frederick III of Wettin, a member of the Ernestine branch of the family, born in Torgau, had succeeded his father Ernst in 1486 as Elector of Saxony.

Called "the Wise" because of his reputation for good advice among the German princes, Frederick is among the princes who have pressed the need of reform upon Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and in 1500 he becomes president of the newly formed council of regency (Reichsregiment).

He founds Wittenburg University in 1502.

Dürer had made watercolor sketches as he traveled over the Alps.

Some have survived and others may be deduced from accurate landscapes of real places in his later work, for example his engraving Nemesis.

South German landscape painter Jörg Breu the Elder had journeyed in 1500 from his native Augsburg to Austria and has created several multi-panel altarpieces here such as the Melk Altar in 1502.

Breu the Elder paints “Scenes from the Life of St. Bernard” for the Monastery of Zwettl in 1502.

Ismail, having started with just the possession of Azerbaijan, Shirvan, southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent), and Armenia in 1501, takes the title of "Shah of Iran" after defeating a Aq Qoyunlu army in 1502.

In the same year, he gains possession of Erzincan and …

…Erzurum.

Asher Lämmlein, a German born Jew who appears in Istria, near Venice, in 1502 and, encouraged by the works of Isaac Abrabanel, proclaims himself a forerunner of the Jewish Messiah, declares that if the Jews show great repentance and charity, the Messiah will not fail to appear in six months.

He gains a troop of adherents who spread his prophesies though Italy and Germany, and his message meets with such acceptance that the year becomse known as the "year of penance."

Existing institutions are willfully destroyed in the belief of coming redemption and a return to Jerusalem.

However, Lämmlein dies or suddenly disappears and the extravagant hopes of his followers come to an end.